tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29995441387719225152024-03-13T14:37:18.667-07:00bouddhayaanamCENTRE FOR RESEARCH ON BUDDHIST CULTURESspiritual dissenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12926865981755522489noreply@blogger.comBlogger97125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2999544138771922515.post-35343473212425769812019-04-18T20:38:00.001-07:002019-04-18T20:38:34.461-07:00CULTURAL BUDDHISM - draft<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
NONRELIGIOUS CULTURAL EXPRESSIONS OF BUDDHISM<br />
<br /><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1KYf-En_iph34QKOa1j4BUaQ5YEavIYRT/view?usp=sharing">https://drive.google.com/file/d/1KYf-En_iph34QKOa1j4BUaQ5YEavIYRT/view?usp=sharing</a></div>
spiritual dissenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12926865981755522489noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2999544138771922515.post-43933748336362260862019-01-07T08:39:00.002-08:002019-01-07T08:39:23.449-08:00PALI WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS - draft<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1indwZ43kRgBxv1hzrLZ9nHUEXM7fAi1p/view?usp=sharing">https://drive.google.com/file/d/1indwZ43kRgBxv1hzrLZ9nHUEXM7fAi1p/view?usp=sharing</a><br /></div>
spiritual dissenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12926865981755522489noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2999544138771922515.post-17469156089328281112019-01-05T09:32:00.002-08:002019-01-07T08:36:27.213-08:00PALI WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ZVTg5k8gUjzAXbKJaOreI4NWYtodxDiq/view?usp=sharing">https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ZVTg5k8gUjzAXbKJaOreI4NWYtodxDiq/view?usp=sharing</a><br />
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www.paaliyaanam.blogspot.com<br />
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<a href="https://pillathaangi.blogspot.com/2019/01/pali-workshop-proceedings.html" style="color: #993322; text-decoration-line: none;">PALI WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS</a></h3>
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<span style="background-color: magenta;"><span style="color: cyan;">TEN-DAY WORKSHOP ON </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: magenta;"><span style="color: cyan;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: magenta;"><span style="color: cyan;">PALI LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE</span></span><br />
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spiritual dissenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12926865981755522489noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2999544138771922515.post-19563538245710513622019-01-05T09:27:00.001-08:002019-01-05T09:27:37.222-08:00PALI WORKSHOP SCHEDULE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/11vNIfQgQWsTP36dcQGeXUmCtbfEKR15y/view?usp=sharing"> https://drive.google.com/file/d/11vNIfQgQWsTP36dcQGeXUmCtbfEKR15y/view?usp=sharing</a><br />
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<a href="https://pillathaangi.blogspot.com/2019/01/pali-workshop-schedule.html" style="color: #993322; text-decoration-line: none;">PALI WORKSHOP : SCHEDULE</a></h3>
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<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/11vNIfQgQWsTP36dcQGeXUmCtbfEKR15y/view?usp=sharing" style="color: #993322; text-decoration-line: none;">https://drive.google.com/file/d/11vNIfQgQWsTP36dcQGeXUmCtbfEKR15y/view?usp=sharing</a><br /><br />PROGRAMME SCHEDULE<br /><br />FOR<br /><br />TEN-DAY WORKSHOP ON PALI LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE<br /><br /><br />10-20 JANUARY 2019<br /><br />SREE SANKARACHARYA UNIVERSITY OF SANSKRIT, KALADY<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/11vNIfQgQWsTP36dcQGeXUmCtbfEKR15y/view?usp=sharing"> https://drive.google.com/file/d/11vNIfQgQWsTP36dcQGeXUmCtbfEKR15y/view?usp=sharing</a></div>
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spiritual dissenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12926865981755522489noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2999544138771922515.post-18192859805306145962017-07-26T05:31:00.003-07:002017-07-26T05:39:41.861-07:00PILLATHAANGI POTHAKAM: Publication Venture Under Set Up<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<li><span class="_5z6m"><span class="_4a6n" style="color: #0b0250; font-size: 30px; line-height: 1.2em; padding: 50px 30px; text-align: center;"><span class="_5z6m"><span class="_4a6n" style="color: #ba5501; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.2000em; padding: 50px 30px; text-align: center;">PUBLICATION DEVOTED FOR BOOKS ON BUDDHIST, TAMILSIDDHA, TANTRA, KALARIVIDYA, MARMAVIDYA, AND SIMILAR KNOWLEDGE PRACTICES</span></span><b>Books and translations in English from different languages are invited to publish. Malayalam translations are also welcome. </b></span></span><b>For Details: 91+9447262817, Facebook : pillathaangi pothakam</b></li>
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spiritual dissenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12926865981755522489noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2999544138771922515.post-53304132310254196572017-01-08T00:53:00.005-08:002017-01-08T00:55:27.280-08:00IS BUDDHA A VISHNU AVATARA?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">him.</span>https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-RI9GUKuphTa0w0bFowMXZwRjQ/view?usp=sharing<br />
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-RI9GUKuphTZ2czdi1QWldDQjF2dEs2U2l6LTJoV1hFN2tR/view?usp=sharing<br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">I suppose that this new is about Dalai Mama's statement on Buddha as the Vishnu avatara. I am not sure of veracity of the Lama statement, but one thing remains to be clarified here. Does any of the professed Buddhist practitioners or schools holds that the Buddha is one of the ten incarnations of the Vishnu? It is a well known fact that the Hinduism has tried to appropriate Buddhism by making Buddha a Vishnu avatara. That means the figure of Buddha himself has been used for containing the radical nature of Buddhism. Buddhism as an atheistic ethical-spiritual movement had brought about many revolutionary changes in its longer and wider history. Even now it continues to inspire all forward looking people all over the world. Dalai Lamar himself continues to be the most outspoken and outstanding representative scientific and revolutionary streak of Buddhism in the contemporary world. If so it is very strange to see that the Hinduist-Buddhism being attributed to him.</span></div>
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spiritual dissenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12926865981755522489noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2999544138771922515.post-58720556861349691182016-04-23T19:10:00.003-07:002016-04-23T19:10:26.808-07:00NEURO-BUDDHISM<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-RI9GUKuphTWTIzRVEyMlZDT0E/view?usp=sharing">https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-RI9GUKuphTWTIzRVEyMlZDT0E/view?usp=sharing</a></div>
spiritual dissenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12926865981755522489noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2999544138771922515.post-30828677405799966612016-01-23T23:31:00.002-08:002016-02-13T00:05:56.100-08:00BODHIDHARMA and MARTIAL ART BUDDHISM<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-RI9GUKuphTOVdhdjBSaEdNc1k/view?usp=sharing">https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-RI9GUKuphTOVdhdjBSaEdNc1k/view?usp=sharing</a></div>
spiritual dissenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12926865981755522489noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2999544138771922515.post-50301823086764701122016-01-23T23:26:00.000-08:002016-01-23T23:26:43.245-08:00HISTORY OF PALI by Prof. Kamlakar Dongare<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-RI9GUKuphTd3A2UV9GUG1EN291cEtxc05mUEFObWNGQmlZ/view?usp=sharing">https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-RI9GUKuphTd3A2UV9GUG1EN291cEtxc05mUEFObWNGQmlZ/view?usp=sharing</a></div>
spiritual dissenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12926865981755522489noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2999544138771922515.post-36167830186850742452016-01-23T23:21:00.004-08:002016-01-23T23:23:11.427-08:00History of Buddhism in Tamil Nadu by Prof. Balaramaswami<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-RI9GUKuphTYy1qTnptRlZyVEhhQWFnUkVGbENVQTF1bzVr/view?usp=sharing">https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-RI9GUKuphTYy1qTnptRlZyVEhhQWFnUkVGbENVQTF1bzVr/view?usp=sharing</a></div>
spiritual dissenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12926865981755522489noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2999544138771922515.post-41415120309135458432016-01-08T23:30:00.001-08:002016-01-08T23:30:40.994-08:00Pali workshop - Reading material on Pali language<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-RI9GUKuphTY1VfRS1hZW45RUk/view?usp=sharing">https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-RI9GUKuphTY1VfRS1hZW45RUk/view?usp=sharing</a></div>
spiritual dissenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12926865981755522489noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2999544138771922515.post-24544502087865492382015-12-20T06:08:00.003-08:002016-05-26T19:52:42.164-07:00Pali workshop photos <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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spiritual dissenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12926865981755522489noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2999544138771922515.post-86680787065896711252015-12-19T20:30:00.000-08:002015-12-19T20:32:15.805-08:00Pali workshop photos <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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spiritual dissenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12926865981755522489noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2999544138771922515.post-4902822158720374962015-12-18T23:14:00.000-08:002015-12-18T23:17:47.358-08:00invited lecture on Buddhist context of Pattanam/Muziris<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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spiritual dissenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12926865981755522489noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2999544138771922515.post-85310831300958469252015-12-18T09:55:00.000-08:002015-12-18T09:56:08.943-08:00Pali workshop photos <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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spiritual dissenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12926865981755522489noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2999544138771922515.post-35174541363084103732015-12-18T09:33:00.002-08:002015-12-18T09:36:09.161-08:00Pali workshop photos <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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spiritual dissenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12926865981755522489noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2999544138771922515.post-84783253582906472392015-12-16T15:25:00.000-08:002015-12-16T15:25:15.369-08:00Pali workshop -photos <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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spiritual dissenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12926865981755522489noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2999544138771922515.post-23821511318804413292015-12-14T04:54:00.004-08:002015-12-14T04:54:58.328-08:00schdule<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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spiritual dissenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12926865981755522489noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2999544138771922515.post-51716483419261311712015-12-14T04:51:00.002-08:002015-12-14T04:51:53.619-08:00workshop schedule - tentative<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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spiritual dissenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12926865981755522489noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2999544138771922515.post-92021450994256518372015-12-14T02:50:00.000-08:002015-12-14T02:50:22.894-08:00Buddhist Centres, Monks and Writings in the Tamil Country in Ancient Times.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Buddhist
Centres, Monks and Writings in the Tamil Country in Ancient Times.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> .Prof. V.
Balambal <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Professor(Retd) Of
History, University of Madras,, Chennai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Introduction:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">India<b> </b>has mothered Hinduism, Jainism,
Buddhism and Sikhism ; received Islam, Christianity and Zorashtrianism with
open arms. In the 6<sup>th</sup> century
BC., Mahavira and Buddha preached tolerance and <i>ahimsa,</i> opposing some ritualistic practices of Hinduism. They did not pronounce new
religion but wanted some reforms in the existing religion of the land. But
after their death, their devotees accepted their preaching as new faiths. That
was the birth of Jainism and Buddhism in India. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jainism
continues to be an accepted religion in India though not like Hinduism.
Buddhism received royal support to some extent, especially during the reign of
King Asoka and the Kalabhras (4-6
century AD) in South India. Due to the
revival of Hinduism in India , these two
religions lost their importance in land of their birth. Though Jainism
continues to survive in India, Buddhism migrated to East, South and South East
Asian countries and flourishes well.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Scope:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
early Buddhism is <i>Hinayana or Terravada</i>
Buddhism. Till the First Century AD, it was popular in India. Buddha preached in Pali and most of
the <i>Teravada</i>
literature are in Pali. Buddhism
flourished in the Tamil country and there were great centres of Buddhism and
many monks lived in Buddhist viharas and spent their time in writing and
translating Buddhist works. This study deals with the places, monasteries,
monks and their writing related to Buddhism, giving importance to Pali language
in the ancient Tamil country .. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <b>Sources:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Archaeological
sources like inscriptions and monuments connected to the study period, Buddhist
works written in the Tamil country and some published works form the main
sources.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Royal Patronage:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">After
the Kalinga war, Emperor<b> Asoka</b> gave
up warfare, meat eating, hunting etc and started following Buddha’s doctrines and spread Buddhism in nook and corner of the country and even sent missionaries to Sri Lanka .His royal
edicts state not only Buddha’s teaching but Asoka’s contribution too.(<b>Rock Edict 3-Dhamma Vijaya)</b> .In this task, he was helped by Maha Aritta, a nephew of the
Sri Lankan king Devanampiyatissa.He sent his son Mahendra and daughter
Sangamitra to Sri Lanka. Mahendra is said to have erected seven
viharas at Puhar(Kaveripoompattinum) <b>, </b>the capital of the Cholas,<b>
</b>while he was on his way to Sri Lanka. (<b>Lakshman
Jayavardane, Ancient Buddhist links
between</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka, Chennai ).</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Maṇimekhalai </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">, a Tamil epic, mentions that there was a small Buddhist
shrine in a park called Upavana and a replica of the Buddha’s footprint was
worshipped there. In the same poem it is said that King<b> Killivalavan</b>, who reigned in the 2nd century, became a Buddhist
and converted the prison to a preaching hall at the request of the nun Maṇimekhalai.
He gifted it
to Buddhists who utilised the building for a <i>palli</i> and a charity house <b>.(T.N.Ramachandran,
</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">The History of Buddhism
in the Tamil Kingdoms of South India)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<h3 style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05in;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The first
Pallava king, <b>Skandavarman</b> ( 3rd
century AD) also helped the cause of
Buddhism. His two sons were Buddhavarman, who is mentioned as Yuvaraj in a
grant issued by his queen, Charudevi
and Buddhyankara<b>. (</b></span><b><span style="background: #FAFAFA; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Buddha’s
Light International Association.—Chennai Chapter).</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
<b>Kalabhra</b> rulers who defeated the Tamil kings and ruled the Tamil
country for three centuries<i><span style="background: #FAFAFA;"> </span></i>patronized
Jainism and Buddhism. The great Kalabhra conqueror <b>Achutavikranta </b>(5<sup>th--</sup>-6<sup>th</sup> century) favoured
Buddhism and patronized Buddhist scholars and their writings. He was
responsible for the well establishment of Buddhism in the Tamil country and
translation of many Pali Buddhist literature in the Tamil country. In<i> <span style="background: white;">Yapparungalam</span></i><span style="background: white;">, a Tamil work of eleventh century AD,
written by Amitasagaranar, the poet "prays to the Buddha to grant Achuta
with the long arms like the clouds in charity and with the fighting spear so
that he might wield his scepter of authority over the whole world". When
the Kalabhras were routed by the Pallavas and Pandyas, Buddhism and Jainism lost their glory. <b>(South Indian Inscriptions, Vol.II, No.73, Kasakudi Copper Plates of Nandivarman Pallavamalla). </b></span><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Though
most of the Chera, Chola, Pandya and Palla rulers were Saivites and Vaishnavites,
they were very tolerant towards Buddhists. Many Buddhist viharas were built;
monks were patronized; donations were made to maintain the Buddhist
institutions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rajaraja I</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
<b><span style="background: white;">(985-1014 AD), </span></b> permitted Srivijaya ruler Choodamanivarman to
construct a Buddhist vihara at Nagapattanam and it was completed by his son Sri Mara Vijayottungavarman of Srivijaya For
the maintenance of the <i>Choodamani Vihara</i>,
Rajaraja I donated the whole village of Anaimangalam.It was also called <i>Rajaraja Perumpalli</i> after him . <b>The Larger Leiden Copper Plates of Rajaraja</b>
I give a detailed account of the Vihara
and donation <b>(Epigraphia Indica , Vol.
XXII, No.34</b>) . Later the grant was renewed by Kulottunga Chola I <span style="background: white;">(1070-1122) in 1090 AD. <b>(Epigraphia Indica
, Vol.XXII,No.35, Smaller Leiden Copper Plates). </b></span><b> <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
Pandya, Chera and Pallava rulers also contributed to Buddhist learning and Viharas. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Buddhist Centres :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Though
Buddhism had its birth and growth in
north India, during the rule of Emperor Asoka, it reached
South India and Sri Lanka.The first missionary was sent by Asoka. He sent his
son Mahendra and daughter Sangamitra to Sri Lanka to spread the new faith. On
their way, they spread Buddhism . It reached its pinnacle during the Kalabhra
period till the Pallavas and Pandyas reestablished the rule
of the Tamil kings defeating the Kalabhras.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Some
of the important Buddhist centres in the Tamil country are Kanchipuram, Nagapattinam, Kaveripoompattinam (Puhar),
Buthamangalam, Uragapuram, Saṅghamangalam,
Kumbakonam, Madurai, Tiruppadiripuliyur ,
Mayūrapaṭṭanam, Alamkuḍipaṭṭi , Kūvam
and Saṅghamangai, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05in;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">Buddhadatta</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt;">,</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"> a well-known Pali commentator who flourished in the
fifth century says in the <i>Vinaya-viniccaya</i>
that he wrote that work for the sake of Buddhasiha while he was residing in the
lovely monastery of <i>Venhudas (Vishnudas)</i>
in a city on the banks of the Kaveri, by name </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt;">Butamangalam</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"> and it was begun and completed at the time when Achuta Vikranta of
Kalabhra Kula was ruling over the earth.<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="background: #FAFAFA; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kanchipuram</span></b><span style="background: #FAFAFA; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
was a great centre of Buddhist learning during the 300 year rule of the
Kalabhras. There were many monasteries where Buddhist monks and students lived.</span><b><span style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Nagaguttanar, author of Kundalakesi, (4th
century), Buddhadatta, the Pali commentator, (5th Century), Dinnaga, the great
logician, (5th century), Dhammapala, another Pali commentator, (6th century),
and Bodhidharma, the great Dhyana teacher, (6th century), Buddhaghosha, the
greatest Pali scholar and commentator, who was contempoary of Buddhadatta lived
in Kanchi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Silappadikaram</span></i><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> speaks
about Puhar, Madurai and Vanchi, the
capitals of the Cholas, Pandyas and Cheras respectively. Buddhism was seen in
these regions too. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">At </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Nagapattinam, Buthamangalam and
Anuradhapura </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Buddhadatta stayed in viharas
arranged by his devotees and wrote commentaries.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">During the reign of Pallava king, Narasimhavarman II (8<sup>th</sup>
century AD) ), a Buddhist Vihara was constructed in Nagapattinam for the use of Chinese mariners
who came there for trade purposes. This
monastery was known as the Chinese monastery by Marco Polo in 1292 AD. <o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05in;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">Choodamani
Vihara was built at </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt;">Nagapattanam</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"> by the Sailendra King with the assistance of
Rajaraja I as stated earlier. Some scenes from Buddha's life are represented
in the great temple at </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt;">Tanjore (Thanjavur)</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">
built by him. In 1090 AD, the Srivijaya ruler sent an embassy to
Kulottunga Chola I to enquire about the Nagapattanam Buddha Vihara which his
predecessor had built and about the Chola endowments to it. Kulottunga I reconfirmed the grant by issuing a copperplate grant </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt;">(Smaller Leiden Copper
Plates.E.I.Vol XXII, No.35).</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05in;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">Rajaraja
I‘s sister Kundavai also donated lands for the maintenance of Buddha viharas in
the Chola country. <o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05in;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">Sittalai
Sattanar, author of<i> Manilekalai</i> lived
in </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt;">Madurai</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">, the Pandya capital
around 2<sup>nd</sup> century AD.<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05in;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">Buddhagosha
stayed in the monasteries at </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt;">Kanchi, Nagapattinam and Mayurapattinam</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"> and wrote many works. <o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05in;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt;">Puhar (Kaveripoompattanam)</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"> was the Chola capital and a port city in the Sangam age.Internal and external trade
flourished there. There was a big monastery at Puhar, where Aravana Adigal
lived. Many other Buddhist monks also
stayed in the Vihara. <o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05in;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05in;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt;">Buddhist Monks, Scholars and Writings: <o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05in;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">Many
Buddhist monks and scholars contributed to Buddhist literature in Pali,
Tamil, Sanskrit, Sinhalese and other
languages. Tamil Buddhists excelled in
writing not only in Tamil but in translating the
Pali works into Sinhalese and
Sanskrit. As Buddha preached in Pali ,initially the Buddhist doctrines were
written in Pali only. After Mahayana form came into existence, the Pali works
were translated into Sanskrit.. The rulers requested the monks and scholars to
reside in Buddhist monasteries and write new works or commentaries or translations of Pali and other texts. The great centres
accommodated them and many works were written by scholars and monks. Some
important ones are dealt with below:<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Ilambodhiyar</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">The earliest Tamil Buddhist poet was IIambodhiyar who
flourished during the last Sangam period of Tamil literature (1st-2nd century
AD). Iambodhiyar's very name indicates that he was a Buddhist. Since the
Buddhists worshipped the Bodhi Tree, the Saiva and Jaina Tamil works often
refer to Buddhists as "bodhiyar" or worshippers of Bodhi tree.
Several of Iambodhiyar are found in a work called Narrinai composed during the last Sangam
period<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #fa884f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sittalai Sattanar</span></b><span style="color: #fa884f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">The most famous Buddhist
poet in the Tamil land was Sittalai Sattanar, the author of the celebrated
Tamil epic <i>Manimekalai</i>. Sattanar was
a grain merchant of Madurai and lived in the second century AD. The<i> Manimekalai</i> deals with the life of Buddhist Nun(Bhikkhuni) Manimekalai, daughter of Kovalan and Madhavi
and Buddha Dhamma. </span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">This </span><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">epic gives much information on the history of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tamil Nadu</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-size: 12.0pt;">Buddhism</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">and
its place during that period, contemporary arts and culture, and the customs of
the times. The exposition of the Buddhist doctrine in the poem deals elegantly
with the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-size: 12.0pt;">Four Noble Truths</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(<i>ārya-satyāni</i>),<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_Origination" title="Dependent Origination"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dependent Origination</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(<i>pratītyasamutpāda</i>),
mind (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citta" title="Citta"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-size: 12.0pt;">citta</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">) and Buddhist practices like virtue (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%ABla" title="Śīla"><i><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-size: 12.0pt;">Śīla</span></i></a><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">) and non-violence (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa"><i><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-size: 12.0pt;">ahimsa</span></i></a><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">).</span><sup><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></sup></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Madhavi became a Buddhist after the end of Kovalan and Kannagi. Her daughter
Manimekalai was also focused towards
Buddhism. While narrating the story of Manimekalai, Sattanar shows the
superiority of Buddhist doctrine. <i>Manimekala</i>i
is one of the five Tamil epics. Many
other verses of Sattanar are found in <i>Narrinai,
Kuruntokai, Purananuru and Ahananuru.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Aravana Adigal (2<sup>nd</sup> Century A.D)</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Aravana Adigal ,a Tamil
Buddhist monk propagated the Dhamma . He
was the head of a flourishing Buddhist monastery at Puhar, He was the preceptor of Manimekalai. When Kaveripattanam was ravaged by sea, Aravana
Adigal went to Vanchi , where he stayed
for a short while and moved to Madurai
and Kanchi. Manimekalai joined the <i>Sangha,</i>
the Order of the Buddhist nuns and
followed the footsteps of her preceptor, and came to live at Kanchi. What
was the righteous path of the Dhamma expounded by Aravana Adigal has been
summed up by the poet in Book XXX of <i>Manimekalai.</i>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Manimekalai</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Manimekalai the daughter of Madhavi and Kovalan is the heroine of the famous Tamil epic, named
after her, written by Sittalai Sattanar.
When Kovalan was executed on a false accusation by the king of Madurai, Madhavi
became disgusted with the life, and sought solace in her-grief from Aravana
Adigal, who was head of a Buddhist
monastery at Kaveripattanam. On hearing the excellent Dhamma, she joined the
Buddhist order. Her daughter Manimekalai, lost interest in worldly life and
became a nun and propagated Buddhism. She
went on pilgrimage to SriLanka and worshipped at the Buddha's footprint at the
Nagadipa shrine on an island off the northern coast of Sri Lanka. There a deity
gave her a miraculous bowl (<i>Amudhasurabhi)</i>
from which she could feed any number of people without the supply of food
becoming exhausted . On return to Kaveripattinam, Manimekalai gave alms daily
to the poor in a public hall. Later, Manimekalai was implicated in a murder
case on a false charge and imprisoned. When, however, true facts came to light,
she was freed, and the Chola queen, who had manipulated her imprisonment begged
her pardon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">.Manimekalai went on a
pilgrimage to Java. On return from this pilgrimage, she went to Vanchi, the
Chera capital, and further studied the Dhamma. Finally, she came to Kanchi
where Aravana Adigal had permanently settled. She also lived the holy life of a Buddhist nun in
a vihara specifically built for her at
Kanchi. She spent her time in meditation
and service to humanity. (The present
day Darupadiamman koyil is said to be on the site of the Manimekalai Vihara).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Nagaguttanar
(4<sup>th</sup> century A.D)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Nagaguttanar was the author of another Tamil epic <i>Kundalakesi</i>. The story is based on the biography of the Bhikkuni
Kundalakesi found in the commentary on the <i>Therigatha</i>
as well as in the <i>Dhammapada </i>commentary. Kundalakesi was originally a
Jain nun, who was fond of challenging anybody to refute her views. Duriputta,
the chief disciple of the Buddha, took up the challenge and defeated her in a debate. Consequently,
Kundalakesi, left Jainism and embraced
Buddhism. The author of the Tamil poem depicts the Buddhist nun Kundalakesi
championing the cause of Buddhism, <i>Kundalakesi</i>
is now lost, But the <i>Jaina Nilakesi,</i>
written in response to <i>Kundalakesi,</i>
is still extant. The Jain work contains references to <i>Kundalakesi.</i> A commentary on the <i>Nilakesi </i>also refers to the story of <i>Kundalakesi.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Buddhadatta (</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5th century AD.)</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">The first Pali scholar
of Tamil country was Buddhadatta. He belonged to Uragapuram (Uraiyur). He learnt and taught Pali language and Buddhism at the Mahavihara at Anuradhapura
in Sri Lanka. He was contemporary of the great Pali commentator,
Buddhaghosha and exchanged views on Pali and Buddhism. Another work attributed
to Buddhadatta is the <i>Ultara Vinicchya</i>
which he is said to have written while he was residing at Anuradhapura.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> His disciple, Buddha Sikha, followed him everywhere. Buddhadatta
Thera held charge of Buddhist monasteries at Anuradhapura, Kaveripattanam, Uragapuram, Butamangalam
and Kancipuram. He has written about these monasteries. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">On return from Sri Lanka, Buddhadatta resided in
a Vihara at the request of a Buddhist minister named Krishnadasa at Nagapattanam. While staying there, he wrote <i>Madhurattha Vilasini</i> (Commentary on <i>the Buddhavamsa</i>). He wrote another
famous work <i>Abhidhammavatara </i>(Summary
of Buddhaghosha's commentaries on the <i>Abhidhammapitaka)</i>
at the request of a bhikkhu named Sumati. His another important work is <i>Vinaya Vinicchaya</i> (Summary of the
Buddhaghosha's commentaries on the <i>Vinaya-Pitaka</i>).
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sanghamitra</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (<b>4<sup>th</sup>
century A.D):<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He was a Tamil Buddhist monk of the Chola country .He went to Sri Lanka, converted the king to Mahayana.He was patronised by his second son Mahasena. He destroyed the Mahavihara which was a seat of
Hinayana and renewed and enlarged the Abhayagiri Vihara, which became
thereafter the stronghold of Mahayana.(<b>T.N.Ramachandran,
The History of Buddhism in the Tamil Kingdoms of South India )<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Buddhaghosha(5<sup>th</sup></span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <b>century
AD)</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">He was the greatest Pali
scholar and commentator , born near Bodh Gaya.But K.R. Srinivasan. believes that the monk was
born in Kanchi.. According to <i>Mahavamsa</i>
, Buddhaghosha accomplished his literary pursuits in SriLanka and became a
great Buddhist writer. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">By 5<sup>th</sup>
century AD, Pali Buddhism was waning. Mahayana was well accepted. More and more
scholars were turning to Sanskrit. But the Bodh Gaya monks stood firm in their
allegiance, to Pali. Under their guidance, Buddhaghosha studied Buddhist
Philosophy. He also compiled a treatise on Buddhism , 'Nanodaya'. He also
planned to compose commentaries on <i>Abhidhamma
</i>and the <i>Suttas</i>. On knowing his
intention, his teacher, Mana Thera Revata advised Buddhaghosha to go to Sri
Lanka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Thus encouraged and
inspired, Buddhaghosha went to Sri Lanka during the reign of King Mahanama
(410-432) AD and reached the Mahavihara at Anuradhapura. While staying in the
Mahavihara, Buddhaghosha made a thorough study of the Sinhalese commentaries.
He also heard the tradition of the elders like Thera Sanghapala. Convinced of their
usefulness, he then sought permission of the bhikkhu-Sanghapala of the Mahavihara
to translate the commentaries from Sinhalese to Pali. In order to test his
knowledge and capabilities, the learned
Theras asked Buddhaghosha to comment on a Pali stanza. In response to this, Buddhaghosha
compiled a compendium of the whole of the <i>Tripitaka,</i>
and named it <i>Visuddhimagga</i> or
"The Path of purification.". Highly pleased with his performance, the
bhikkhus of the Mahavihara gave all the facilities to Buddhaghosha and placed
all the Sinhalese commentaries at his disposal.</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">According to Mahavamsa, it is a summary of the three Pitakas
together with the commentary. When Buddhaghosha had been staying at Granthakara
Pirivena at Anuradhapura, he completed his task of rendering Sinhalese
commentaries of Tripitakas into Pali.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Besides the <i>Visuddhimagga</i>, Buddhaghosha wrote
commentaries on the <i>Vinaya-Pitaka</i>, <i>Patimokha, Digha-Nikaya, hima-Nikaya,
Anguttara-Nikaya, Khuddaka-Patha</i>. The commentaries on the Dhammapada and the
Jataka are done by Buddhaghosha. The voluminous literature
produced by Buddhaghosha exists to this day. The commentaries and the <i>Visuddhimagga</i> of Buddhaghosha are not
only a great achievement in post<i>-Tripitaka</i>
literature but they are a key to the <i>Tripitaka.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Buddhaghosha resided for some time at Kanchi and wrote some
of the commentaries. ln the colophon to the commentary on <i>the Anguttara Nikaya, Manorathapurani,</i> Buddhaghosha says that at
the time of completing the work he lived at Kanchipura with his
friend Bikkhu Jotipala, Again in the commentary on the Majjhima, Papancasudani,
he says that when he was at
Mayurapattanam ( Mayavaram), with Buddhamitta, he was invited to write this.
Buddhaghosha stayed at Nagapattanam, from where he had worked for Sri Lanka too..<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Dhammapala (6<sup>th</sup> century AD)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dhammapala
was a great </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Pali
scholar of Tamil Nadu. He was a native
of Tanjavur. According to Hiuen Tsang, Dhammapala was born at Kanchipuram.
Dhammapala also stayed for some time at Nagapattanam in the Dharmasoka Vihara.
In the <i>Nettipakarna commentary, </i>Dhammapala
says<i> </i>that "he wrote this
commentary while he was residing at the monastery built by King Asoka at
Nagapattanam which is like unto a port for embarking on the ocean of the <i>Dhamma</i>”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dhammapala studied at
Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka as he mentions in his works the <i>Atthukatha</i> of the Mahavihara of Anuradhapura. He
also refers to the commentaries
of Buddhaghosha . Dhammapala wrote seven
commentaries on such books of the <i>Khuddaka-Nikaya,</i>
which had not been covered by Buddhaghosha. His famous work the <i>Parmattha-dipani,</i> is an exposition of
the <i>Khuddaka-Nikaya</i> covering mainly <i>Udana, Itivuttku, Vimanavatthu, Peta-Vatthu,
Thera-gatha, Theri-gatha, and Cariya-Pitaka. </i>Dhammapala’s other
commentaries are <i>Parmatta-manjusas</i> (Commentary on Buddhaghosha's Visuddhimagga), and
<i>Netti - Pakarnassa Attha Samvannana</i>
(Commentary on Netti, a post canonical work).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Dinnaga (5<sup>th</sup> Century AD)</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dinnaga was born around
450 AD at Simhavaktra, near Kanchipuram. After completing his studies at an
early age, Dinnaga became a Buddhist monk and joined the Vatsiputriya school.
It is said that one day, Nagadatta, his preceptor, asked Dinnaga to meditate over
the principle of the Atman which from the stand point of the Vatsiputriyas was
expressible and was neither identical with the groups of dements (Skandhas),
nor differing from them. When Dinnaga expressed some skepticism about the
existence of Ego, he was expelled from the community by his teacher. He was
unable to compromise with the views of other scholars as he was convinced of
his views. Dinnaga finally came to Vasubandhu
under whom Dinnaga studied all aspects of the Buddhist philosophy and
became well-versed with all the texts of Buddhism .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dinnaga travelled all
over India holding religious contests with scholars. At Nalanda, he defeated a
Brahmin logician named Durjaya in a religious discussion, In Orissa, Dinnaga is
said to be converted the royal treasurer, Bhadrapalita, who built a monastery
in Dinnaga's honour in the Bhorasila
mountain in Orissa . Mostly he stayed there
or in the Accra monastery in
Maharashtra. Dinnaga wrote about a hundred treatises on logic, most of which
are preserved in Chinese and Tibetan translations. His most important works are
<i>Pramanasamuccaya</i> , <i>Alambana- Pariksha</i> , <i>Hetuchakradamru</i>), <i>Nyaya-mukha, Hastavala - prakarna, Arya naparmitavivarana, and
Abhidharmakosha-Marma-Pradipa</i>, a commentary on Vasubandhu's <i>Abhidharmokasa.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">He was the founder of
the Buddhist logic, and is often referred to as the Father of the medieval
Nyaya .</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bodhidharma
(6<sup>th</sup> Century AD)</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bodhidharma, a seer of
royal family of Kanchi . On seeing his interest in the Buddhist Sangha, he was initiated into
Buddhism by a renowned teacher of the Dhyana or meditative form of Buddhism.
After his teacher’s death, he worked for few years to popularise the Dhyana
(meditation) teachings in India. Later, he left for China around A.D. 526 for propagating his school of
Buddhism..<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bodhidharma was
cordially welcomed by the emperor Wu-ti, who was a devout Buddhist, at his
capital, Nanking. Later, finding that the emperor was not able to appreciate
his mystic trend of philosophy, Bodhidharma left the capital, and went to the
Shaolin monastery, near Lo-yang, in north China.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">It is said that Bodhidharma
sat meditating deeply facing the wall <i>(pi-kuan</i>) at the Shaolin Temple ,without interacting with others
for nine years. In Chinese, <i>pi</i> means
"wall" and<i> kuan</i> means
"observation". Thus Bodhidharma is well-known for <i>pi-kuan</i> or "wall meditation" in China. He lays stress on
meditation by which alone,"enlightenment should be attained". The
meditative school founded by Bodhidharma is known as Ch'an Buddhism in China. The
mystic philosophy of Bodhidharma has great spiritual influence among the
Japanese Buddhists, Ch'an Buddhism became the popular Zen Buddhism with certain modifications in Japan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dharmapala (7<sup>th</sup> century AD). </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">He was born at Kanchi .
It is said that when he was about to be married, he secretly left home and joined the Buddhist Sangha. Hiuen Tsang gives
a good account of Dharmapala's
initiation to Buddhism . He learnt the
tenets of Buddhism and propagated the faith. He travelled widely in India.
While at Kosambi, with his great knowledge, he won over the Hindu scholars. His
popularity made him the head of the Nalanda University, a great abode
of Buddhist Learning.
Scholars and students from India and
abroad came to Nalanda to learn more about Buddhism. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> He died at the young age of 32. His pupil
Silabhadra, succeeded him as Vice-chancellor,
under whom Hiuen Tsang, the Chinese pilgrim , studied Buddhism at Nalanda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Dharmakirti <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">(7<sup>th</sup>
century AD) </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dharmakirti was the great Buddhist logician. In his boyhood,
Dharmakirti studied the Vedas. Later, he concentrated on Buddhist philosophy at Nalanda, There he joined the Buddhist Order as a disciple of Dharmapala
who was at that time the Chief of the Nalanda Mahavihara. He studied logic from
Isvarsena, a direct pupil of Dinnaga, and made a thorough study of the <i>Pramanasamuccaya </i>of Dinnaga. He
travelled throughout India and tried to re-establish, through philosophy, the
glory of Buddhism which was showing signs of decline.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Dharmakirti wrote seven
important works. Those are, <br />
1. <i>Pramanavartika,<br />
2. Pramanavinischaya,<br />
3. Nyayabindu,<br />
4. Hetubindu,<br />
5. Vadanyaya,<br />
6. Sambandhaparikasha, <br />
7. Santanantarasidhi.<br />
</i><br />
Almost all the works of Dharmakirti were lost in India. For a long time , nothing
was known of Dharmakirti's works except <i>Nyayabindu</i>.
But the Tibetan scholars preserved his works ; some in original Sanskrit and
all in Tibetan translation. In modem times, Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan made many visits to Tibet and brought back to India some of the
manuscripts of Dharmakirti's works in Sanskrit and commentaries on them. He also edited Dharmakirti's monumental work <i>Pramanavartika</i> with three commentaries
and <i>Vadanyaya</i>.
He is considered to be a great Buddhist philosopher and logician.Great western
philosopher Dr.Stcherbatksy calls
Dharmakirti, the Kant of India .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bodhiruchi
(7-8<sup>th</sup> century AD)</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dharmaruchi. belonged to
Tamil Nadu and later he went to China.His name was changed to
Bodhiruchi by the orders of Empress Wu
Tso- thien in 705 . In China, he studied
Buddhism under Yasaghosa, a Mahayanist. He thoroughly learnt entire Tripitaka
in three years. Thereafter, Bodhiruchi
devoted his time in translating Sanskrit works in to Chinese..
During AD 693 - 713, he translated 53 works which ran into 111 volumes in
Chinese. He is aid to have died in AD 727 when he was in his 156th year.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Buddhapriya<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dipankara Thera alias Buddhapriya
Thera and "Coliya Dipankara," was a disciple of
Ananda Vanaradana in Sri Lanka , and later on became the head of
Baladicca- Vihara at Kanchipuram. He was
the author of the Pali works, <i>Vajjamadu
and Rupa-Siddhi,</i> the former on Buddhist
art, and the latter on arithmetic. He wrote also a commentary on the <i>Rupa-Siddhi</i>. <b><i>(World of Buddhism)<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Vajrabodhi </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">(661 – 730A D.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">He was born at
Podiyakanda in the Pandiya country. Another view is that he was a native of
Kanchi. He went to Nalanda, and became a
Mahayana monk. He returned to Kanchi and
propagated Mahayana. He was contemporary
of the Pallava king Narasimhavarman II (c.700 - 728 AD). His missionary tours
took him to Sri Lanka where he stayed for six months at the Bhayagiri Vihara.
Later, along with his disciple Amoghavajra, he went to China for missionary work. He took
with him the text of <i>Mahaprajnaparamita </i>to China.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dharmakirti </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(13th
century A.D.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
He belonged to the Pandya country . He was a famous Buddhist acharya who was invited and
patronised by SriLanka ruler Parakrama Bahu II (1236-68 A.D.). He organised in
Sri Lanka an international conference of Buddhists. The Datha-vamsa and
Culavamsa (later part of Mahavamsa recording history of Sri Lanka from Mahasena
to Parakrama Bahu II) are the works of Dharmakirti.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gandhavamsa:</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The <b><i>Gandhavamsa </i></b> mentions ten South Indian Buddhist scholars who
stayed in Kanchi and wrote works on Buddhism in Pali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
ten scholars are <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">( 1 ) Buddhadatta (5th century
A.D.). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(2), Ananda the author of Mulatika
on the Abhidhammattakatha.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(3) Dhammapala (5th-6th century
A.D.) a native of Tambarattha (Tirumnelveli district) who became suvccessively
the head of the Buddhist monastery called Bhataraditta - Vihara at Kancipuram
and the Mahavihara at Anuradhapura, wrote good commentaries on Buddhist basic
texts, such as <i>Attakatha, Paramartha
Manjusa and Nettipakaranatthakatha.</i>
He resided in the city of Tanjai in Tirunelveli district. (This may be different from Thanjavur, the Chola capital)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(4-5) Two unnamed former teachers (<i>Purvacaryas)</i> who wrote the <i>Niruttimanjusa</i> and <i>Mahaniruttisankhep</i>a.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(6) Mahavajirabuddhi, author of<i> </i>Vinayaganthi, a glossary of the five
the Vinaya books.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(7) Cullavajirabuddhi. The name of
his work is not traceable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(8) Dipankara Thera 91100 A.D.,
alias Buddhapriya Thera and "Coliya Dipankara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. (9) Culladhammapala who wrote the <i>Saccasankhepa</i> and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(10) Kassapa, who wrote the<i> Mohaviccedani </i>and<i> Vimativicccedana<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lost Buddhist
literature:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Virasoliyam is a</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> grammar work by
monk Buddhamitra of 11<sup>th</sup> AD during the reign of Chola Vira Rajendra. Apart
from grammar, it says about .Buddhism <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.<b>Siddhāntattokai </b>This too is a Buddhist
is a Tamil work which has now been lost. From the name it appears to have been a work on the
Abhidhamma.Some references to this work is made in <i>Sivagnanaiddhiya</i>r and <i>Nilakesi,
a Jain work.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tiruppadigam</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: Verses from
this work in praise of Buddha are mentioned in <i>Nilakesi and Sivagnanasiddhiyar.</i></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bimbisāra Kadai,</span></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> In the paraphrase to the <i>Nīlakesī</i> four verses are
quoted and the remark is made, ‘this
quotation is from the Bimbisāra Kadai, a Buddhist work.Gnanaprakasar mentions
few verses from this work in his Sivagnanasiddhiyar. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05in; tab-stops: 254.25pt;">
<span style="color: #404040; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kassapa, in his Pali work,
Vimatti-Vinodani, </span><span style="color: #555555; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #404040; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The lost Tamil Buddhist works include the
grammar <i>Virasoliyam, Abhidhamma
Siddhantattokai, Tiruppadigam, </i>and
the biography<i> Bimbisara Kada.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i><span style="background: white; color: #404040; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kundalakesi : </span></i></b><span style="background: white; color: #404040; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It was written by Tamil poet </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Nagaguttanar (4<sup>th</sup>
century A.D). It is referred to in some other literary works.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">There is mention about the presence of wandering monks of Sri
Lanka in Vanchi, which was the capital of the Chera Kings of Tamil Nadu. The
Chinese traveller, Hiuen Tsang, wrote that there were around 300 Sri Lankan
monks in the monastery at the Southern part
of Kanchipuram</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<cite><b><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-size: 12.0pt;">Conversion?</span></b></cite><cite><b><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></cite></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<cite><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-size: 12.0pt;">Though there were many monks and scholars devoted to
Buddhism, there were two great religionists who had shown their interest in
other religion. They are Sakkiya Nayanar and Kurruva Nayanar.</span></cite><cite><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><o:p></o:p></span></cite></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Sakkiya Nayanar</span></b><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">He was born in<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span> Tiruchangamangai (Sangaramangai), in
a </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Vellala <span style="background: white; color: #252525;">agricultural land owners family.. He gave up worldly life and studied in
pursuit of truth and emancipation
(moksha). He went to<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kanchipuram</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">and
became a Buddhist monk (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhikshu" title="Bhikshu"><i><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bhikshu</span></i></a><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">) and an expert in
Buddhist philosophy. He earned the name Sakkiya, after the clan of the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-size: 12.0pt;">Buddha</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">. However, Buddhism did not satisfy his thirst for knowledge and enlightenment.
So, he embraced Saivism. But he did not give up the garb of a Buddhist monk and continued to dress in
saffron garments as he was convinced that external appearances did not matter
for self-realization. Sakkiya is said to have realized that Saivism was the
true path to salvation and became a devotee of god<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-size: 12.0pt;">Siva</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">,
the patron deity of Saivism.<span class="apple-converted-space"> ( </span><cite><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Sivananda" title="Swami Sivananda"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Swami Sivananda</span></a></b></cite><span class="apple-converted-space"><i> </i></span><cite><b>(1999).</b></cite><span class="apple-converted-space"><i> </i></span><cite><b>Sixty-three Nayanar Saints</b></cite><span class="apple-converted-space"><i> </i></span><cite><b>(4 ed.). Sivanandanagar: The Divine Life Society.)<o:p></o:p></b></cite></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<cite><b><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kurruva Nayanar:</span></b></cite><cite><b><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></cite></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Periya
Puranam</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>narrates that Kurruva
was the chieftain of Kalandai . He was from the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabhras_dynasty" title="Kalabhras dynasty"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kalabhra</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">community.
He is described a devotee of Shiva. Generally
all the Kalabhra rulers followed Jainism or Buddhism. But how and
why Kurruva followed Saivism is not
known. He was praised by Saint Sundarar.(<span class="apple-converted-space"> ( </span><cite><b>Indira Viswanathan Peterson (2014).</b></cite><span class="apple-converted-space"><i> </i></span><cite><b>Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints. Princeton University
Press. p. 334.</b></cite><span class="apple-converted-space"><i> </i></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number"><i><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-size: 12.0pt;">ISBN</span></i></a><cite><b><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b></cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6006-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6006-7"><i><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-size: 12.0pt;">978-1-4008-6006-7</span></i></a><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">)</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Conclusion:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Buddhism,
a world religion was from India. It was patronized by great rulers like Asoka,
Acchutavikkanta, RajarajaI and others.There were mant centres of Buddhist
learning in Tamilnadu. Many rulers built Buddhist viharas, chaityas and
pillars and donated liberally for the
maintenance of the same. Many commentaries and translations have taken place by
learned monks and scholars. Though it lost its significance in India , it has
made its mark in East, South and South East Asian countries.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> South India continued to be the centre of Pali Buddhism as
late as the 12th century A.D.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Tamil country
has produced great monks, scholars who have contributed to Buddhist
literature. Though Buddhism is not popular in the present day in India, the literature it has given to the
world in the early period of Buddhism in ancient Tamil country is remarkable. India is proud of her early Buddhist literature and the authors
in the Tamil country.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span class="reference-text"><b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> REFERENCES<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><cite><span style="color: #252525; font-size: 12.0pt;">Arunachalam, M. (1979).</span></cite><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></i></span><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=dvq1AAAAIAAJ&source=gbs_ViewAPI&pgis=1"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">The Kalabhras in the
Pandiya Country and Their Impact on the Life and Letters There</span></i></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></i></span><cite><span style="color: #252525; font-size: 12.0pt;">(Original from the University of California, Digitized Jul 30,
2008 ed.). University of Madras</span></cite><cite><b><span style="color: #252525; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></cite></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="background: #FAFAFA; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Buddha’s Light International Assn.—Chennai Chapter</span></b><cite><span style="color: #252525; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></cite></div>
<strong><i>BuddhaSasana</i></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>English Section</strong><o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dhammananda Maha Thera.,K.Venerable
Sri<i>,</i></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <b><i>What
Buddhists Believe.<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Elango Adigal, <b><i>Silappadikaram.<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Epigraphia Indica Volume XXII</span></i></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gandhavamsa</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span class="reference-text"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Hisselle Dhammaratana<b>, Buddhism in South India,</b> Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy,
1964. Available on Buddhist Publication Society Online Library</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.bps.lk/olib/wh/wh124-u.html"><span style="color: #663366; font-size: 12.0pt;">[2]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.nio.org/past_events/archaeology/sridhar.pdf"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">http://www.nio.org/past_events/archaeology/sridhar.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b></span><a href="http://www.buddhanet.net/sacred-island/nagadipa.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">http://www.buddhanet.net/sacred-island/nagadipa.html</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #404040; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Jeyaraj D.B.S.</span></em><i><span style="color: #404040; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">, <strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Tamil Buddhism in Ancient South
India and Sri Lanka</span></strong></span></i><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span class="reference-text"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> John Samuel ,G., Ār. Es Śivagaṇēśamūrti, M. S.
Nagaraja, <b>Buddhism in Tamil Nadu,</b> collected papers</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><span class="reference-text"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">,
Institute of Asian Studies (Madras, India)</span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span class="reference-text"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.Krishnaswāmi
Aiyangar S.,</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><span class="reference-text"><b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Maṇimekhalai
in its Historical Setting,</span></b></span><span class="reference-text"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
London, 1928<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<h2>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">Lakshman Jayavardane,</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <i>Ancient Buddhist links
between<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Tamil Nadu and Sri
Lanka, Chennai <o:p></o:p></i></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<cite><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Malalasekera,
G.P. (2003).</span></cite><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i></span><cite><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dictionary
of Pali Proper Names: Pali-English. Asian Educational Services. </span></cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;">ISBN</span></i></a><cite><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-1823-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-1823-8"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;">81-206-1823-8</span></i></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nilakanta
Sastri,K.A., The Colas,(Reprint) University of Madras, Chennai<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><span class="reference-text"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Peter Schalk<b>.</b></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></i></span><span class="reference-text"><b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Buddhism
among Tamils in pre-colonial Tamilakam and Īlam: Prologue. The Pre-Pallava and
the Pallava period</span></b></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></i></span><span class="reference-text"><b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></b></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span class="reference-text"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peter Schalk, editor-in-chief, <b><i>A Buddhist woman's path to enlightenment : proceedings of a
Workshop on the Tamil Narrative Manimekalai</i>, </b>Uppsala University, May
25–29, 1995. Uppsala, Academiae Ubsaliensis, Stockholm, 1997.Series
title: <i>Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Historia religionum 13</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="reference-text"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rao, S.R..</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="reference-text"><b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Marine archaeological explorations of Tranquebar-Poompuhar
region on Tamil Nadu coastJournal of Marine Archaeology, Vol. II</span></b></span><span class="reference-text"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, July 1991, pp. 6. Available online
at</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><a href="http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/3295/2/Mar_Archaeol_2_5.pdf"><span style="color: #663366; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ramachandran,T.N.,<b><i>The History of
Buddhism in the Tamil Kingdoms of South India</i></b></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #404040;">Shu Hikosake, <b><i>Buddhism in Tamil Nadu: a New Perspective</i></b>”,1989,
Chennai<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #404040;">Sittalai Sattanar,, <b><i>Manimekalai</i></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #404040;">South Indian Inscriptions, Vol.II.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/ew27039.htm"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Upadhaya K.N.<i> (1968) "The Impact of Early Buddhism on Hindu Thought (with
Special Reference to the Bhagavadgiitaa)"</i></span></a><span class="reference-text"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,</span></b></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i></span><span class="reference-text"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Philosophy East and West</span></b></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i></span><span class="reference-text"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Vol.18, University
of Hawaii Press<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.1pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span class="reference-text"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Wikipedia</span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<b><i>World of Buddhism</i></b><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #404040;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<b><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #404040;">Yapperungalam</span></i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #404040;">.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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spiritual dissenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12926865981755522489noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2999544138771922515.post-60377655175082885262015-12-14T02:47:00.000-08:002015-12-14T02:47:08.684-08:00invited lectures<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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spiritual dissenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12926865981755522489noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2999544138771922515.post-51359376111636567382015-12-13T16:21:00.002-08:002015-12-14T02:00:58.439-08:00INVITED LECTURES: tentative schedule <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="line-height: normal;">TENTATIVE SCHEDULE OF</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">INVITED lectures In the </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">WORKSHOP ON PALI</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"> LANGUAGE AND</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"> BUDDHIST CULTURES</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">16-30 DECEMBER 2015.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">Jointly Organised by </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">DEPARTMENTS OF </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">PHILOSOPHY, SANSKRIT SAHITHYA AND SANSKRIT VYAKARANA.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">SREE SANKARACHARYA UNIVERSITY OF SANSKRIT, KALADY</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">Venue:Seminar Hall</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">16-12-15 </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Prof. Kamlakar Dongare (Nagpur) <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> : History of Pali Language.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">17-12-15<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">Prof. Bala Ramaswami (Chennai) :Buddhist Centres: Monks and Writings in Tamil Nadu</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">18-12-15<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">Prof. Ujjwal Kumar (Pune)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> : Pali neeti literature and Sanskrit.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">19-12-15<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">Prof. Ujjwal Kumar<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> : Pali as the language of Buddha.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">21-12-15<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">Prof. K. Maheswaran Nair</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(Thiruvananthapuram) : Pali and Prakrit in Indo-European Family.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">22-12-15<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">Prof. K. Maheswaran Nair<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>: Anaata in Buddhism</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">23-12-15<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">Prof. Sanjay (Mumbai)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>: Buddhist Archeology</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">24-12-15<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">Dharmacharya Nagmitra</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(Nagpur)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>: Pali and Buddha's thought.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Prof. Thrupti Rani (mumbai)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>: Grammar of Pali.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">26-12-15<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">Prof. K. Yamuna (Kalady)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>: Grammatical structure of Prakrit.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Ms. Megha (Mumbai)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>: Pali literatures.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">28-12-15<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">Prof. K. K. Geethakumari</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(Kozhikkode)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>: Pali and Prakrit in Sanskrit literatures.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Ms. Sapna (Mumbai)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>: Research in Pali.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">29-12-15<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">Prof. T. Pavithran (Payyanur)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>: Pali and Brahmi Script.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Ms. Nutan (Mumbai)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pali and regional languages.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Prof. P. V. Narayanan (Kalady)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Prakrit and Malayalam</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">30-12-15</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Prof. Raghavan Kovur(Thrissur): Indus Language and Pali</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">Prof. K. Muthulakshmi</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">(Kalady): On Therigatha.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">15-day PALI LANGUAGE training by Prof Yojana Bhagat (Mumbai university )</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"> ---------</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">www.bouddhayaanam.blogspot.com</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: normal;">9447262817</span></div>
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spiritual dissenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12926865981755522489noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2999544138771922515.post-89205583422334175202015-12-12T02:10:00.001-08:002015-12-12T02:10:30.455-08:00A note on Pali Course by Prof. Yojana Bhagat<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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spiritual dissenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12926865981755522489noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2999544138771922515.post-64793200781474561302015-12-05T18:43:00.002-08:002015-12-18T09:23:14.407-08:00silpasaala<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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spiritual dissenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12926865981755522489noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2999544138771922515.post-43047138722956261282015-12-05T18:37:00.000-08:002015-12-05T18:37:55.571-08:00WORKSHOP <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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